The educational objective of the course is to provide students with theoretical and operational tools that can be used to understand international accounting differences and the application of international accounting standards. Knowledge and understanding: the course, starting from the notions of business economics, accounting, financial statements and accounting principles acquired in the three-year study courses, aims to deepen some methodological aspects related to the different accounting systems and in the application of current values. The course also aims to provide some notions of international accounting, with particular regard to the causes of international accounting differences and international accounting standards, allowing the student to understand the most current issues regarding the financial statements of listed companies, nationally and internationally, and their foreseeable evolution.
Knowledge and understanding applied: determine the effect of applying the current values to the financial statements; link the analytical accounting to the general one; determine the effects of exchange rate, fair value and liquidity risk hedging transactions on the economic and business figures; determine the impact of the application of certain provisions of the IFRS on the annual and consolidated financial statements.
Autonomy of judgment: understanding the most appropriate accounting treatment of transactions, considering the indications of the IASB conceptual framework (Fra-mework).
Communication skills: expressing the differences between accounting systems and the provisions of international accounting standards using appropriate technical language.
Learning skills: apply the acquired notions to more complex problems presented in other courses and in working practices.

The course assumes an adequate knowledge of the economic-business and accounting issues addressed in the courses of Business Economics and General and Applied Accounting carried out in the three-year degree courses. In particular, it's essential the knowledge of the civil law relating to the preparation of the financial statements and to the accounting standards issued by the Italian Accounting Body, with specific reference to the evaluation criteria of the assets.

The course is structured in four modules devoted to the following topics:
1. Accounting systems and conceptual frameworks: The first module provides the theoretical and practical basis for understanding the different accounting methods used nationally and internationally, highlighting their distinctive features and evolution over time.

2. International Accounting Differences: The second module focuses on the analysis of accounting differences that exist internationally, exploring the economic, social and cultural causes of these differences in order to classify different accounting systems and understand the reasons that led to accounting harmonization.

3. Current-value accounting models: The third module focuses on a detailed analysis of current-value-based accounting models, highlighting their relevance in the current international accounting standards system and their implications for transparency and reliability of financial information.

4. IFRS Accounting Standards: The fourth module examines IAS/IFRS, with particular reference to financial statement formats and the valuation of tangible, intangible and financial assets.

O. Gabrovec Mei, Sistemi contabili e strutture del conto del conto del risultato econo-mico, cap.2, 4 e 5 (estratto a disposizione degli studenti)
F. Giaccari, Lineamenti di ragioneria internazionale, Bari, Cacucci Editore, 2005 (capi-tolo I).
Britton, A., Alexander, D., Jorissen, A., Hoogendoorn, M., & Van Mourik, C., Interna-tional Financial Reporting and Analysis, Cengage Learning, 7th edition, 2017, ISBN 9781473725454 (capitoli 5-6-7-8).
AA.VV., Il bilancio secondo i principi contabili IAS/IFRS. Regole e applicazioni, 3a edi-zione, Giappichelli, Torino, 2016, ISBN 9788834889060
Altro materiale è messo a disposizione sul sito moodle del corso.

Altri testi consigliati
Guidantoni S., Verrucchi F., Esercizi e complementi di contabilità internazionale, Mila-no, Franco Angeli, 2016.
The course materials (slides, articles, international accounting standards, additional materials) and other information for students (both attending and non-attending) will be available on the course's Moodle page.

Part 1
Accounting systems and conceptual frameworks
1. Asset and Liability view and revenues and expenses view: conventionality of denominations
2. The classic "asset and liability view"
3. The current "asset and liability view"
4. The "asset and liability view" in the Anglo-Saxon (American) version
5. The "revenues and expenses view" and its variants (financial changes and presumed inventories).

Part 2
International accounting differences:
1. The causes of international accounting differences: social, cultural and economic variables.
2. Classification of international accounting systems. The pressure on international accounting harmonization.
3. Global convergence, the role of the US-GAAP and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Part 3
Current value accounting models: structure, value and information limits
1. The model with current estimate values (entry values)
2. The problem of capital integrity
3. The model with current realization values
4. Current and fair values (IFRS 13)

Part 4
IFRS accounting standards
1. The adoption of international accounting standards (IAS / IFRS) in the European Union.
2. The financial statements according to international principles. The concept of comprehensive income (IAS 1).
3. The cash flow statement (IAS 7).
4. Evaluation of tangible assets, real estate investments, biological assets (IAS 16, IAS 40, IAS 41).
5. Intangible assets (IAS 38).
6. Accounting for leasing transactions (IAS 17, IFRS 16).
7. Impairment losses on assets (IAS 36).
8. Business combinations; recognition and write-down of goodwill (IFRS 3).
9. Representation and measurement of financial instruments, including derivatives. Convertible bond issue. Hedging and derivative instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9).
10. Stock options and other share remuneration plans (IFRS 2).
11. Non Financial Information.

1. Lectures
2. Case studies and in-class exercises
3. Seminars by corporate experts, auditing firms or CPA.
4. Group work and in-class presentations
The lectures will be recorded and uploaded to the course's Teams channel.

Any changes to the procedures described in this document, which may be necessary to ensure the application of the security protocols related to the COVID19 emergency, will be communicated on the website of the Department and of that of the Graduate Program.

The student's evaluation includes a written test in which open questions, exercises, case studies are proposed. The score of the exam is attributed by means of a mark expressed out of thirty based on the sum of the scores of each question and exercise. To pass the exam (18/30) the student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered in all parts of the program and correctly answer at least n. 4 questions or exercises. To achieve the maximum score (30/30 cum laude), the student must demonstrate that he has acquired an excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course and that he can answer all the questions and exercises correctly.

5-Gender equality;
6-Clean water and sanitation;
7-Clean and affordable energy;
8-Decent work and economic growth;
10- Reducing inequality;
11- Sustainable cities and communities;
13- Acting for the climate.