The student must understand the anatomy of the eye and the concepts of physiological optics. It is essential to know the orbital, eyelid, conjunctival, corneal, lens, and posterior segment semiotics. Additionally, the student must be able to recognize ocular surface pathologies such as blepharitis, MGD, and dry eye; conjunctival diseases including bacterial, viral, and allergic conjunctivitis; corneal diseases like bacterial, viral, and protozoan keratitis; lens conditions such as cataracts; intraocular pressure issues like glaucoma; uveal diseases including uveitis; and vitreous and retinal conditions such as maculopathies and retinal detachment. It is crucial for the student to learn diagnostic methods in ophthalmology and be capable of correctly applying therapeutic approaches to various ocular diseases. The knowledge acquired should be utilized to develop the autonomy of judgment necessary for solving complex clinical cases. Throughout the training program, the student must also acquire effective communication skills, which are essential for interacting with patients and the healthcare team. Being able to clearly explain diagnoses and therapeutic options to patients is a critical component of the ophthalmologist’s role. Finally, the student must demonstrate the ability to independently learn new information and updates in the field of ophthalmology. It is important to develop study strategies and continuous updating to maintain a high level of professional competence. By achieving these educational objectives, the student will be prepared to excel in ophthalmological practice, competently applying theoretical knowledge to real clinical situations, exercising autonomous judgment, and effectively communicating with patients and colleagues.

To be regularly signed up at the 5th

Morphofunctional notions of the visual system. Instrumental semeiotics of the visual apparatus. Pathology of the orbit and ocular appendages. Pathology of the diopter (cornea and crystalline) media. Pathology of the uvea. Pathology of the retina. Pathology of the optic nerve and the optical pathways. Optical diseases. Pathophysiology of monocular and binocular vision. Strabismus. Elements of optics. Refraction defects. Anterior and posterior segment surgery.

1. Oftalmologia - Simonelli, Midena, Quaranta, Staurenghi, Tognetto, Versura - Idelson-Gnocchi 2. Manuale di oftalmologia di Luciano Liuzzi, Franco Bartoli - Minerva Medica 3. I vizi di refrazione di Gianpaolo Paliaga - Minerva Medica 4. Malattie dell'apparato visivo - Edises 5. Oftalmologia di Aldo Caporossi - Piccin-Nuova Libraria 6. Clinica dell'apparato visivo di Claudio Azzolini - Edra Masson 7. Malattie dell'apparato visivo di Carlo Sborgia, Nicola Delle Noci - Piccin-Nuova Libraria 8. Kanski - Oftalmologia clinica di Brad Bowling - Edra 9. Pronto soccorso oftalmico di Paolo Carpineto, Leonardo Mastropasqua - Minerva Medica 10. Wills Eye - Il Manuale - Diagnosi e Trattamento delle Malattie Oculari in Ambulatorio e Pronto Soccorso - Kalla A. Gervasio • Travis J. Peck

Morphofunctional elements of the visual system, Anatomy of the eye - Instrumental semeiotics of the visual system Pathology of the orbit and of the ocular adnexa - Eyelid pathology - Pathology of the lacrimal system - Tear film - Conjunctivitis Pathology of the ocular diopter (Cornea and Cristallino) - Semeiotics of the ocular surface and corneal transparency - keratitis - Corneal surgery - Congenital and acquired crystalline opacities - Cataract surgery Pathology of the uvea - Uveitis Retinal pathology - Retinal detachment - Peripheral retinal lesions, Retinal arterial and venous occlusion - Diabetic retinopathy - Age-related macular degeneration Pathology of the Optical Pathways - optic nerve disease - Glaucoma: primary closure angle glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma Pathophysiology of monocular and binocular vision - Strabismus Fundamentals of Optics - Refraction defects Ocular tumors - Exophthalmos Anterior segment surgery: refractive surgery, corneal transplant, glaucoma, cataract Posterior segment surgery: retinal detachment

Frontal lesson -Intership in eye clinic

-Attendance requirement: Students are required to attend at least 75% of the educational activities, unless otherwise specified by the University. -Office hours: Faculty members are available for clarifications at times agreed upon via email. -Additional teaching materials: Supplementary teaching materials may be requested directly from the course instructors. -Participation in internships/clinical practice: Students are expected to actively participate in outpatient and/or operating room training sessions, where applicable. -Conduct in clinical settings: Students are required to adhere to the ethical and behavioral code, wear a lab coat, and maintain patient data confidentiality.

The achievement of the expected learning outcomes and indicated in the training objectives will be achieved by written examination; the questions are elaborated according to the didactic program; there are no intermediate tests, laboratories and project presentation; during the lectures, theoretical training spaces are foreseen. The final evaluation is expressed in thirtieths; no ongoing tests are planned. The evaluation grid adopted is as follows: -Excellent (30 - 30 with honors): the student demonstrates excellent knowledge of the topics -Very good (27 - 29): the student demonstrates good knowledge of the topics -Good (24-26): the student demonstrates good knowledge of the main topics -Satisfactory (21-23): the student does not demonstrate full mastery of the main topics of the course -Sufficient (18-20): the student demonstrates minimal knowledge of the main topics of the course -Insufficient: the student does not possess an acceptable understanding of the contents of the various topics in the syllabus.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)