Knowledge and understanding: to comprehend the microgrids fundamental concepts; to know the main renewable sources and the power converters solutions for their exploitation.

Applying knowledge and understanding: to be capable of studying the control architectures for the efficient use of microgrids potentialities.

Making judgements: to be able to apply the acquired knowledge for the critical evaluation on microgrids, focusing on power systems aspects and converters control.

Communication skills: to get a technical-scientific language for clearly explain theoretical and technical problems in the field of microgrids for sustainable energy.

Learning skills: to be able to collect data/information from books and scientific papers for enabling the autonomous solution of microgrids problems.

Electrical Engineering. Power systems. Control systems. Power electronics.

1. Environmental & industrial context Environmental aspects. Emission reduction. Sustainable, renewable energy. Evolution of electrical systems. Distributed generation. Energy transition. Energy community. Technological, social and political dimension. Advantages. 2. Renawable power plants Sources. Hydroelectric plants. Mini-micro hydroelectric. Pumping. Wind farms. Energy conversion. DFIG and Direct Drive. Offshore. Impact on the network. Photovoltaic systems. Design. Impact on the network. Tidal power plants. Dam application. Tidal turbines. Wave power plants. Geothermal plants. Biomass plants. Thermal solar systems. Energy conversion from renewable sources. Grid-connected wind-photovoltaic plants. Active LV grid users. Example case. Hydroelectric power plant in an alpine context. Technical-economic-environmental analysis. 3. Microgrids Classification. Structure. Stakeholders. Controllable elements. Demand Response. MG versus PPV. Strategies. Main actors. Business models. Technical, environmental and social benefits. Microgrid drivers & barriers. Multi-objective optimization. Evolution enabling technologies. Conventional DG control structure. Operating modes. DG control structure. Grid forming. Grid feeding. Grid supporting. Virtual inertia. 4. Energy storage systems Overview. Technology. Classification. Electrochemical storage. Electrodes. Electrolyte. Applications. Lead-acid. Nickel cadmium. Nickel metal hydride. Lithium ion. Redox flow. Electrostatic storage. Charging/discharging capacitor. Load/unload supercaps. Losses & Efficiency. Energy/power density. Datasheets. Aging. Electromagnetic storage. SMES. Charging/discharging. Losses/efficiencies/advantages. Applications. Final review. 5. Microgrid digital control systems Functions. Role of ICTs. Cybersecurity. LRA/combined cyber attack. Monitoring infrastructure. Microgrids in future smart grids. System architecture, control. Centralized/decentralized/distributed control. Data flow. Communication protocols. Finite state machine. Real-time testing. Hierarchical/primary/secondary/tertiary control. MG supervision and time scheduling. Droop functionality. Control with virtual impedance. 6. Microgrids management Power management by local measurements/communication network. Ancillary services. MG support for voltage/frequency regulation. Storage integration in MG. Overview. Interfaces. Inverter control for storage. Hybrid solutions. Contribution of storage systems. Applications. Forecasting. Forecast of sources/loads/electricity price. Application of ANN for forecasting. Load shedding. Black start. Restart guidelines. Protection management. 7. Numerical-methodological bases for planning Geometric parameterization. Bezier curves. DOE. Random, Sobol. Factorial, reduced factorial. Statistical analysis of data (t-Student, χ2). Optimization algorithms. Single objective methodologies. Simplex. Multi-objective methodologies (Evolutionary Algorithms). game theory. Response surfaces. Linear, quadratic surfaces. Kriging. neural networks. Gaussian processes. 8. Microgrids design Design. Preliminary choices. PV project. Storage project. Analyses. Verification. LCA. Optimization. Process variables. Coordinated control. Active damping. DC microgrid for sustainable charging. Definition of batteries. System design. Coordinated power management. Power transients in the day-night transition. Testing with HIL. Verification on flexible management. Example cases. Articles of interest. Complete bibliography.

[X] Slides provided by the professor [1] Roberto Caldon, Fabio Bignucolo, “Impianti di produzione dell'energia elettrica. Criteri di scelta e dimensionamento”, Esculapio, 2018. [2] Gilbert M. Masters, “Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems”, Wiley 2004. [3] Nikos Hatziargyriou, “Microgrids: Architectures and Control”, Wiley, 2014 [4] Hassan Bevrani, Bruno Francois, Toshifumi Ise, “Microgrid Dynamics and Control”, Wiley, 2017. [5] Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei, Ersan Kabalci, Nicu Bizon, “Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods”, Springer, 2020. [6] Michael Sterner, Ingo Stadler, “Handbook of Energy Storage Demand, Technologies, Integration”, Springer, 2019. [7] Flávia de Andrade, Miguel Castilla, Benedito Donizeti Bonatto, “Basic tutorial on simulation of microgrids control using MATLAB® & Simulink® software”, Springer, 2020. [8] Rajeev Kumar Chauhan Kalpana Chauhan, “Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: Integration, Challenges and Optimization”, Elsevier, 2019. [9] Gevork Garehpetian, Hamid Baghaee, Masoud Shabestary, “Microgrids and Methods of Analysis”, Elsevier, 2021.

1. Environmental & industrial context Environmental aspects. Emission reduction. Sustainable, renewable energy. Evolution of electrical systems. Distributed generation. Energy transition. Energy community. Technological, social and political dimension. Advantages. 2. Renawable power plants Sources. Hydroelectric plants. Mini-micro hydroelectric. Pumping. Wind farms. Energy conversion. DFIG and Direct Drive. Offshore. Impact on the network. Photovoltaic systems. Design. Impact on the network. Tidal power plants. Dam application. Tidal turbines. Wave power plants. Geothermal plants. Biomass plants. Thermal solar systems. Energy conversion from renewable sources. Grid-connected wind-photovoltaic plants. Active LV grid users. Example case. Hydroelectric power plant in an alpine context. Technical-economic-environmental analysis. 3. Microgrids Classification. Structure. Stakeholders. Controllable elements. Demand Response. MG versus PPV. Strategies. Main actors. Business models. Technical, environmental and social benefits. Microgrid drivers & barriers. Multi-objective optimization. Evolution enabling technologies. Conventional DG control structure. Operating modes. DG control structure. Grid forming. Grid feeding. Grid supporting. Virtual inertia. 4. Energy storage systems Overview. Technology. Classification. Electrochemical storage. Electrodes. Electrolyte. Applications. Lead-acid. Nickel cadmium. Nickel metal hydride. Lithium ion. Redox flow. Electrostatic storage. Charging/discharging capacitor. Load/unload supercaps. Losses & Efficiency. Energy/power density. Datasheets. Aging. Electromagnetic storage. SMES. Charging/discharging. Losses/efficiencies/advantages. Applications. Final review. 5. Microgrid digital control systems Functions. Role of ICTs. Cybersecurity. LRA/combined cyber attack. Monitoring infrastructure. Microgrids in future smart grids. System architecture, control. Centralized/decentralized/distributed control. Data flow. Communication protocols. Finite state machine. Real-time testing. Hierarchical/primary/secondary/tertiary control. MG supervision and time scheduling. Droop functionality. Control with virtual impedance. 6. Microgrids management Power management by local measurements/communication network. Ancillary services. MG support for voltage/frequency regulation. Storage integration in MG. Overview. Interfaces. Inverter control for storage. Hybrid solutions. Contribution of storage systems. Applications. Forecasting. Forecast of sources/loads/electricity price. Application of ANN for forecasting. Load shedding. Black start. Restart guidelines. Protection management. 7. Numerical-methodological bases for planning Geometric parameterization. Bezier curves. DOE. Random, Sobol. Factorial, reduced factorial. Statistical analysis of data (t-Student, χ2). Optimization algorithms. Single objective methodologies. Simplex. Multi-objective methodologies (Evolutionary Algorithms). game theory. Response surfaces. Linear, quadratic surfaces. Kriging. neural networks. Gaussian processes. 8. Microgrids design Design. Preliminary choices. PV project. Storage project. Analyses. Verification. LCA. Optimization. Process variables. Coordinated control. Active damping. DC microgrid for sustainable charging. Definition of batteries. System design. Coordinated power management. Power transients in the day-night transition. Testing with HIL. Verification on flexible management. Example cases. Articles of interest. Complete bibliography.

Oral lessons. Workshops. Teaching labs. Technical visits.

Compulsory attendance of some specific educational activities (workshops, seminars, interactive exercises, etc.) is expected.

Final oral examination. During the exam, both theoretical questions and a study case discussion are requested. The number of questions will be adequate for covering the entire course program.

Affordable and clean energy
Industries, innovation and infrastructure
Sustainable cities and communities
Responsible consumption and production
Climate action