The student will acquire the tools for understanding, at the cellular and molecular level, the cellular suffering. Particular attention will be given to the cellular mechanisms of compensation to the suffering, the mechanisms of defense, innate and acquired, that the body puts in place against infectious microorganisms, and of course the inflammatory diseases which result in defects of these. Will also be
taken into account currently available tools to help cells to withstand harsh conditions. The final section describes the mechanisms for healing of injured tissues. Subsequently, on the basis of previously acquired concepts will be examined in the mechanisms and effects of acute and chronic inflammatory damage. Finally, will be taken into account cellular and molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation and growth, the damage caused by the cancer, and will be provided the basic elements for understanding the classification of tumors. This course also intends to introduce motivated students to strategies for life-long learning in the basic and applied sciences. Current events and/or other applied physiology may be discussed.

Propedeutic exams: Biochemistry, Anatomy and Physiology

General pathology is the discipline of understanding the consequences of perturbations to the biological balance that underlies life at the level of cells, tissues, and organs. How the cell reacts to insults, their reparative capacity, or the consequences of irreversible damage. The course will address how the chains of events enacted by the organism to compensate for alterations in the initial equilibrium may result in the resolution of the offending process or may themselves become the cause of pathology through vicious circles and amplification mechanisms. Knowledge of these general mechanisms of pathology will thus enable to discuss their contribution to the genesis of certain exemplary pathological conditions, and to allow the acquisition of tools for interpreting the pathophysiology of organ and system diseases more generally. -Cellular Pathology
-Inflammation.
-Repair of tissues
- Wound healing
-Hemodynamic alterations
-Hemostasis and thrombosis

Robins and Cotran. Pathologic basis of disease. 7th edition. Kumar-Abbas-Fausto. Elsevier Saunders

-Cellular Pathology. Cell damage: biochemical mechanisms general, ischemic and hypoxic ischemia / reperfusion damage by chemical agents. Cell death: necrosis, apoptosis. Adaptations subcellular, cellular and tissue damage: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia and intracellular stores. Cellular aging: telomeres, the role of free radicals.
-Inflammation. Acute inflammation: vascular changes, cellular events (release of leukocytes from the vessels and phagocytosis), chemical mediators of inflammation (vasoactive amines, plasma proteases, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide, free radicals), the results of acute inflammation and morphological pictures. Chronic inflammation: Definition, Causes, histological type, and cells involved mechanisms, granulomatous inflammation. Systemic effects of inflammation.
-Repair of tissues. Control of normal cell growth: cell cycle and growth factors. Fibrosis and angiogenesis. Wound healing.
-Hemodynamic alterations and shock. Edema, hyperemia and congestion, hemorrhage, embolism, heart attack, shock.
-Hemostasis and thrombosis. Normal hemostasis (endothelium, platelets and the coagulation cascade), thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
-Neoplasia. Definition, terminology and signs of epidemiology. Characteristics of malignant and benign tumors. Molecular basis of cancer: oncogenes (eg: ras oncogene, the ras gene activation model) and tumor suppressor genes.

Taught class
Lectures (2 CFU = 24 hrs)
Lectures: notebook and video projector for PowerPoint presentations.

A. Tommasini
alberto.tommasini@burlo.trieste.it

Hybrid examination with two sections: written exam with 12 multiple-choice questions (scored 2 point for correct response; -0.4 points for wrong response; 0 point for unanswered questions) and oral exam (1-12). To pass the exam, both the wrtitten and the oral part must be positively evaluated (at least 14/24 in the written part and at least 1/12 in the oral part). In the event of severe gaps in crucial topics detected at the oral examination, the overall examination will be considered failed.
The exam includes questions of both General and Clinical Pathology.
The final marks are in a scale of 1 to 30 and reflect the cumulative and integrated assessment of the different teachers.
A grade of 30/30 will be awarded to students who perform fully satisfactorily in both the written and oral sections of the exam, while Honors will be awarded to those who show particular clarity and thoroughness of exposition. A mark between 27 and 27indicates a good judgement and is attributed to students who demonstrate complete knowledge of the treated arguments. However, they do not demonstrate that they have carried out a personal re-elaboration of the theme. A mark between 24 and 26 indicate a good overall preparation without relevant gaps, even is some arguments may be superficially expressed. A mark between 21 and 23 is granted to studens who show a good knowledge and understanding of the topics covered by exposing them with sufficient clarity. From 18 to 22 the preparation is sufficient in terms of knowledge of the main aspects of the subject, but the level of detail and/or expressive clarity are just enough. Below 18 the student does not demonstrate sufficient knowledge to pass the exam.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)