D1. Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of heating and cooling plants, design for low energy consumption and renewables, understanding the relation between systems, impact of electrification on heating and cooling systems, knowledge of the regulatory system. knowledge of the fundamentals, theoretical and practical, and competences for a correct and efficient use of modern CFD tools
D2. Applying knowledge and understanding: Ability in selecting and sizing plant components, for heating and cooling. capabilities to critically use a modern CFD tool for an assigned simple thermal-fluids project.
D3. Making judgments: the students will demonstrate proficiency in making choices during the development of a final project regarding the whole design of a system plant and the capability to adopt the most suitable modelling approach (2D or 3D; steady or unsteady; et.) for a CFD approach.
D4. Communication skills: the students will be required to described and justify the choices taken during project development.
D5. Learning skills: the project will be developed gathering information from specialized literature and commercial information from manufactures demonstrating ability in using specialized building simulation and CFD software tools.

Applied physics, thermodynamics and heat transfer, Differential calculus, fundamentals of fluid dynamics. It is required a deep knowledge of heat transfer mechanisms, conduction, convection and radiation. Furthermore, the knowledge of moist air is prerequisite with the capability of treating the parameters: humidity ratio, relative humidity, enthalpy. Transformations and representation on thermodynamic plane are also required.

THERMAL COMFORT
Comfort: energy balance on the human body, comfort indices PMV, PPD
HEATING PLANTS
Design: basic design heat loss computation.
Radiators: installation, Heat output variation with fluid temperature.
Hydronic system, pipe layout, series-loop, two-pipe direct-return and two-pipe reverse return systems., dual manifolds systems.
Radiant heating floors: construction, design, characteristic curves, logarithmic mean temperature difference. Design mass flow rate.
Typical hydronic systems: description of simple plant, multi-zone , mixing systems
Boiler rooms, efficiencies, condensation boiler efficiency, expansion tanks, security valve, chimneys.
Domestic Hot Water systems, production, thermal storage, sizing of thermal storage
Heat pumps, sources, hybrid systems
AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS
Single Zone air conditioning systems, winter and summer conditioning systems, design air flow, Air Handling Unit (AHU) components sizing. Multiple zones systems reheat and dual duct systems.
Air distribution duct design, Duct layout and sizing procedures.
COOLING SYSTEMS
Refrigerants, Properties, Environmental Impact ODP, GWP, TEWI. Ashrae classification, secondary refrigerants
Chillers, Refrigerant lines, distribution of chilled water
Evaporators and Condensers, overall heat transfer coefficients, heat exchangers, extended surface coils, Direct expansion systems.
HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
Heat transfer calculations: application of international standards, wall transmittance, thermal bridges, heat transfer in windows, above and below grade heat transfer in buildings, unheated areas, degree days, ventilation heat loss.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS IN BUILDINGS
Instantaneous Cooling Load, Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) Method, Solar cooling Load Factors, Cooling load factors for lights, people and equipment.
EXTENDED SURFACE COILS
Heat transfer in extended surfaces, finned tube systems, efficiency of extended surfaces
INTRODUCTION TO CONSERVATION LAWS OF FLUID FLOW
Mass conservation. Energy conservation. Initial and boundary conditions for the energy equation. Convection coefficient. Conservation of momentum: Navier-Stokes equations. Initial and boundary conditions. Forced, natural and mixed convection. Methods for Numerical solution. Flow equations in terms of streamfunction and vorticity. Solutions in terms of primitive variables. Algorithms for incompressible fluids: equations and boundary conditions; physical meaning of pressure correction. Turbulent convection.
INTRODUCTION TO CFD
Introduction. What is CFD. Fields of application. Potentialities and limitations. Historical notes and actual trends. CFD components. Numerical methods in CFD. Properties of the numerical methods in CFD. Overview of the most common approaches: Finite Difference (FD), Finite Volume (FV) and Finite Element (FE).
ACCURACY AND ERROR ESTIMATION
Generalities. Error description and estimation. Verification and Validation (V&V). Uncertainty quantification. Code verification and Solution verification. Objective of validation. Standard and guidelines. Error types. Convergence problems; guidelines for specific cases.

lecture notes, slides. Spreadsheet for exercises.
All material available in Moodle2
http://moodlde2.units.it
Book:
FONDAMENTI DI TERMOFLUIDODINAMICA COMPUTAZIONALE, a cura di G. Comini, G. Croce ed E. Nobile, SGEditoriali, Padova, 4a Edizione, Padova, 2014.
other suggested texts available in Library.
Thermal Environmental Engineering 3rd Edition, by Thomas Kuehn (Author), James Ramsey (Author), James Threlkeld (Author)

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design
Faye C. McQuiston, Jerald D. Parker, Jeffrey D. Spitler,
John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2023
Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings
John W. Mitchell, James E. Braun
John Wiley & Sons, 2014

Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration, second ed.
Shan K, Wang
2001 McGraw-Hill Education
(accessible via accessengineering)

THERMAL COMFORT
Comfort: energy balance on the human body, comfort indices PMV, PPD
HEATING PLANTS
Design: basic design heat loss computation.
Radiators: installation, Heat output variation with fluid temperature.
Hydronic system, pipe layout, series-loop, two-pipe direct-return and two-pipe reverse return systems., dual manifolds systems.
Radiant heating floors: construction, design, characteristic curves, logarithmic mean temperature difference. Design mass flow rate.
Typical hydronic systems: description of simple plant, multi-zone , mixing systems
Boiler rooms, efficiencies, condensation boiler efficiency, expansion tanks, security valve, chimneys.
Domestic Hot Water systems, production, thermal storage, sizing of thermal storage
Heat pumps, sources, hybrid systems
AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS
Single Zone air conditioning systems, winter and summer conditioning systems, design air flow, Air Handling Unit (AHU) components sizing. Multiple zones systems reheat and dual duct systems.
Air distribution duct design, Duct layout and sizing procedures.
COOLING SYSTEMS
Refrigerants, Properties, Environmental Impact ODP, GWP, TEWI. Ashrae classification, secondary refrigerants
Chillers, Refrigerant lines, distribution of chilled water
Evaporators and Condensers, overall heat transfer coefficients, heat exchangers, extended surface coils, Direct expansion systems.
HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
Heat transfer calculations: application of international standards, wall transmittance, thermal bridges, heat transfer in windows, above and below grade heat transfer in buildings, unheated areas, degree days, ventilation heat loss.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS IN BUILDINGS
Instantaneous Cooling Load, Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) Method, Solar cooling Load Factors, Cooling load factors for lights, people and equipment.
EXTENDED SURFACE COILS
Heat transfer in extended surfaces, finned tube systems, efficiency of extended surfaces
INTRODUCTION TO CONSERVATION LAWS OF FLUID FLOW
Mass conservation. Energy conservation. Initial and boundary conditions for the energy equation. Convection coefficient. Conservation of momentum: Navier-Stokes equations. Initial and boundary conditions. Forced, natural and mixed convection. Methods for Numerical solution. Flow equations in terms of streamfunction and vorticity. Solutions in terms of primitive variables. Algorithms for incompressible fluids: equations and boundary conditions; physical meaning of pressure correction. Turbulent convection.
INTRODUCTION TO CFD
Introduction. What is CFD. Fields of application. Potentialities and limitations. Historical notes and actual trends. CFD components. Numerical methods in CFD. Properties of the numerical methods in CFD. Overview of the most common approaches: Finite Difference (FD), Finite Volume (FV) and Finite Element (FE).
ACCURACY AND ERROR ESTIMATION
Generalities. Error description and estimation. Verification and Validation (V&V). Uncertainty quantification. Code verification and Solution verification. Objective of validation. Standard and guidelines. Error types. Convergence problems; guidelines for specific cases.

LECTURES
Lectures will be given using teaching material – slides, reports etc. – prepared by the teaching staff and available on the Moodle2 page of the course.
TUTORIALS
The tutorials will be done during the class, and they will enable the students to comprehend the fundamentals for the proper use of a modern building plant simulation and CFD package
STUDENT PROJECT
The students will also prepare a student project consisting in the development of a complete heating/cooling plant design complete of load calculation and components sizing. In groups of 2-3, the students will develop a final student project, which consists in the analysis, by means of a CFD package, of a simple thermal-flow problem, possibly suggested by the students and agreed with the teaching staff.

Exam
Oral examination with questions regarding the whole course arguments ((knowledge and
understanding). The student must present a building heating/cooling plant project and a simple CFD related project, comparing different solutions (applying knowledge and understanding), justifying the decision made during the design process (making judgments and communication skills)
The final exam grade is computed takin into account the project evaluating the presentation and the implemented solutions, and the answers to the questions
Any changes to the methods described here, which might deem necessary to ensure the application of the safety protocols related to the COVID19 emergency, will be communicated on the websites of the Department, of the Study Course and teaching.

3 Good Health and Wellbeing: The thermohygrometric well-being is fundamental for the health of the occupants. The Air distribution in rooms is directly related to the good health of occupants. 7. Affordable and Clean Energy: the course is totally aimed at the fulfilling this goal. The air conditioning of buildings absorbs 40% of consumption in industrialized countries 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: the use of renewable energy sources is essential in order to reduce emissions, the Use of RES is part of the course 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: sustainability is linked to consumption for air conditioning. Part of the teaching concerns the CAMs as required by current regulations. 13. Climate Action: the reduction of emissions is essential. Furthermore, climatic data are essential for the calculation of buildings and plant losses