Knowledge and understanding skills
The course also aims to help the student to understand the main processes of the cellular metabolism and to understand the bases of cell and molecular biology. The course is oriented to the description of the structure and function of the main classes of biomolecules as well as the presentation of the complex interplay between the metabolic pathways . This course aims to provide the basis for a detailed molecular knowledge of life. The student should demonstrate knowledge about the transmission of genetic diseases and must be able to recognize the various hereditary transmission models. Scope of the biology course within the Integrated course is to convey an understanding of the biological and molecular mechanisms that underlie the conservation, reproduction, and expression of the genetic information in the organization of cellular and organismal life. Basically, a propaedeutic preparation will be given for the understanding of later in-depth studies of morphological, physiological, biochemical and pathological sciences.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student must show the acquired skills and tools in relation to the genetic mechanisms underlying certain pathologies and their transmission to progeny according to Mendel's laws. The student must be able to explain the processes of replication and expression of genetic information and protein synthesis and the organization and functions of the cell. the student must demonstrate skills to carry out chemistry exercises related to lecture topics. The student should also be able to describe the correlation between the various metabolic pathways within a cell, organ or tissue, the processes and mechanisms by which these metabolic pathways are regulated and how alterations to these processes can be related to pathological dysfunctions of a cell
Judgment autonomy
The student must demonstrate the ability to use the acquired knowledge of the logic underlying the discipline. He must be able, for example, to identify the model of inheritance of a pathology from a family tree and to determine, based on this, the likelihood for a couple to have an affected child. The student should be able to describe in a reasoned manner and with language properties the principal laws and rules of chemistry, the molecular structure of the main organic and inorganic molecules and the metabolic pathways. The student must to identify areas of interest, to select information sources and to understand scientific data, compare the different cell structures according to their function and understanding their inner working
Language Skills
Appropriately using the scientific language in a proper and rigorous manner
Learning skills
Acquiring adequate skills and learning methods for the continuous updating and development of expertise in molecular and cellular biology, genetics and biochemistry

Medical Genetics: Knowledge of the general aspects of biology
Chemistry and Biochemistry: Mathematical capacity of simple numerical calculation for example solution of first and second degree equations and proportions.
Applied biology: There are no specific requirements. The students should have knowledge of the basic principles of chemistry and physics

Chemistry and Biochemistry
•Atom: elementary particles; atomic number, mass number, isotope, electronic structure of atoms • Periodic table of elements: Periods and groups, periodic properties of elements. •Chemical Bond: Strong chemical bonds, intermolecular bonds, polarity and electronegativity. •State of the matter •Inorganic chemistry: Nomenclature of chemical compounds• Chemical reactions and stoichiometry: Atomic and molecular weight, Avogadro's number, mole, conversion from moles to grams and vice versa, balancing chemical equations, examples of several chemical reactions •Solutions• Chemical Kinetics •Chemical equilibrium• Equilibria in aqueous solution •Function of proteins: hemoglobin and myoglobin, collagen •Enzymes: catalysis and biological regulatory mechanisms • Hormones •Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis and the demolition and their regulation •Fatty acid metabolism: oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of ketone bodies, fatty acid synthesis and their regulation• Amino acid catabolism: metabolic fate of amino groups, nitrogen excretion and urea cycle, amino acid degradation.• Bioenergetics: The citric acid cycle and its regulation, oxidative phosphorylation, electron flow and ATP synthesis.

Applied biology
• General overview on the bases of life and on biological macromolecules• The cell, the working unit of life: prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses• Cell structure and function of organelles.• Cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments.• Cell membranes: structure, functions, and processes of membrane transport• Extracellular matrix, adhesion proteins, cellular recognition.• Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis, embryogenesis.• Regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, cancer.• The gene and genome organization in eukaryotes• DNA e RNA, duplication, repair and transcription• Regulation of gene expression• The genetic code, structure and function of ribosomes and protein synthesis.• Post-translational modifications of proteins• Analytical methods: DNA extraction, nucleic acids purification and analysis, electrophoresis, PCR and DNA sequencing

Medical Genetics
Nucleus, chromosomes and DNA.• Cell division: mitosis and meiosis• Mendel's laws.• The human chromosomes. Karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities. Abnormalities of structure. Chromosomal diseases.• Mendelian disorders: study of pedigrees, autosomal dominant and recessive blood groups, X-linked diseases, mitochondrial inheritance.• Gene mutations and polymorphisms.

Thompson & Thompson. Genetics in Medicine. 8th Edition (2015)
Principi di Chimica generale e organica per i corsi di laurea ad indirizzo bio-medico Autori: Santaniello, Alberghina Ed. Piccin
Principi di Chimica generale e organica per i corsi di laurea ad indirizzo bio-medico Autori: Santaniello, Alberghina Ed. Piccin
Chimica e biochimica per le lauree triennali dell'area biomedica, Samaja-Paroni. Ed.Piccin
Elementi di biologia e genetica Autori: D. Sadava, D. M. Hillis, H. C. Heller, M. R. Berenbaum. Zanichelli editore, 2014, quarta edizione.
Elementi di biologia (Cellula – Genetica) Autori: H. Curtis, N.S. Barnes, A. Schnek, A. Massarini Zanichelli editore, 2017
H. Lodish, A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser, M. Krieger, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, A. Amon, K.C. Martin “Molecular Cell Biology.” 8th Edition. April 2016
Harvey Lodish A Berk C.A. Kaiser M. Krieger M.P. Scott A. Bretscher P. Ploegh Paul Matsudaira. “Biologia molecolare della cellula.” Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla sesta edizione Americana. Trad. di R. Lucchi, M. Marini, L. E. Pena Altamira, G. Perini, A. Poli, M. Virgili, G. Zunica 2009.
B. Alberts, J.L. Johnson, Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P. “Molecular Biology of the Cell.” 6th Edition, December 2014. (or the Italian edition)

Chemistry
•Atom: elementary particles; atomic number, mass number, isotope, electronic structure of atoms.• Periodic table of elements: Periods and groups, periodic properties of elements. •Chemical Bond: Strong chemical bonds, intermolecular bonds, polarity and electronegativity. •State of the matter •Inorganic chemistry: Nomenclature of chemical compounds• Chemical reactions and stoichiometry: Atomic and molecular weight, Avogadro's number, mole, conversion from moles to grams and vice versa, balancing chemical equations, examples of several chemical reactions •Solutions• Chemical Kinetics: • Chemical equilibrium• Equilibria in aqueous solution •Function of proteins: hemoglobin and myoglobin, collagen •Enzymes: catalysis and biological regulatory mechanisms • Vitamins and hormones •Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis and the demolition and their regulation •Fatty acid metabolism: oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of ketone bodies, fatty acid synthesis and their regulation• Amino acid catabolism: metabolic fate of amino groups, nitrogen excretion and urea cycle, amino acid degradation.• Bioenergetics: The citric acid cycle and its regulation, oxidative phosphorylation, electron flow and ATP synthesis.
Applied biology
• General overview on the bases of life and on biological macromolecules• The cell, the working unit of life: prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses• Cell structure and function of organelles.• Cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments.• Cell membranes: structure, functions, and processes of membrane transport• Extracellular matrix, adhesion proteins, cellular recognition.• Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis, embryogenesis.• Regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, cancer.• The gene and genome organization in eukaryotes• DNA e RNA, duplication, repair and transcription• Regulation of gene expression• The genetic code, structure and function of ribosomes and protein synthesis.• Post-translational modifications of proteins• Analytical methods: DNA extraction, nucleic acids purification and analysis, electrophoresis, PCR and DNA sequencing
Medical Genetics
Nucleus, chromosomes and DNA.• Cell division: mitosis and meiosis• Mendel's laws.• The human chromosomes. Karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities. Abnormalitiesof structure. Chromosomal diseases.• Mendelian disorders: study of pedigrees, autosomal dominant and recessive bloodgroups, X-linked diseases, mitochondrial inheritance.• Gene mutations and polymorphisms.

Lectures . At the end of the course, a few hours will be held to carry out chemistry exercises related to the topics discussed and which will provide an example of "type" exercises proposed during the exam.

The presentations shown in class are made available to students on the Teams platform

The course examination consists of three partial examinations, one for each module, which are taken on different days. In order to pass the final examination of the integrated course, the student must achieve a grade of at least 18/30 in all modules. If a module is not passed, it is possible to repeat only the test of the unsatisfactory module. It is not possible to reject the grade of the partial examinations if it is equal to or higher than 18/30. It is possible to reject the grade for the integrated course, but in this case the tests for all three modules must be repeated. The grades are expressed on a 30-point scale. The final grade of the integrated course is calculated from the weighted average of the grades of the individual modules. The honours obtained in a partial examination are counted as 31 when calculating the weighted average. A distinction is awarded in the final examination if the weighted average is equal to or greater than 30.5.
The dates for the partial examinations and the final examination, the registration of students for the examinations and the notification of grades are managed via the ESSE3 platform
Medical Genetics:.
The first exam session will consist in a written test. The following sessions will consist in oral examination.
The students that in the written exam will obtain a score equal or over 25/30, have the possibility to take an oral exam. The written exam includes: 21 multiple-choice questions and 2 open. Multiple-choice questions: 1 point if it is correct, -0.2 if wrong, 0 if not answered. Open questions: from 0 to 5 points score (if the 5 rows will be exceeded, -0.5 point). The grade “cum laude” will be assigned when the exam score is over 30/30 points. Questions and exercises will cover all the topics discussed during the lessons and deepened through the study of the suggested textbooks . Regarding the oral examination, the following grading system will be applied:
30- 30 with honours: excellent knowledge of the subject and technical language proficiency, autonomous critical and analytical skills, and outstanding ability to apply acquired knowledge to concrete scenarios.
27-29: above the average knowledge of the subject and technical language, adequate autonomous critical and analytical skills, and ability to apply acquired knowledge to concrete scenarios.
24-22: good knowledge of the subject and technical language, autonomous critical and analytical skills, and ability to apply acquired knowledge in most areas.
21-23: reasonable knowledge of the subject and technical language, autonomous critical and analytical skills, and limited ability to apply acquired knowledge to concrete scenarios.
18-20: sufficient or fair knowledge of the subject, very limited mastery of the technical language
<18: insufficient knowledge of the subject and absence of judgments and independent thinking.
Chemistry and Biochemistry: The exam consists of 3 open questions and 2 chemistry exercises. Duration of the test 2 hours. The assessments and the final mark are given as thirty points. Both the open questions and the numerical exercises are worth 6 points each. A score lower than 6 is also provided - from 5 points to 1 point if the answer is incomplete, only partially correct and the argument is presented in a convoluted manner with little or no knowledge of the language, 0 points if the student does not answer or does not demonstrate acceptable knowledge of the content
Applied biology: The assessment is done with a written test, that includes multiple choice questions and open-ended questions on all contents of the course. In addition to assessing the specific knowledge of the subject, this test also evaluates the capacity to communicate such knowledge clearly and concisely.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)