1) Knowledge and understanding: development of knowledge for the treatment of tissues and cells for diagnostic and prognostic-predictive purposes: the student must acquire specific and targeted knowledge on the various types of sampling and demonstrate knowledge of the meaning of morphophenotypic findings, biomarker, molecular analysis, biobanking and anatomopathological reporting.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding of the anatomopathological tests and their interpretation: the student must be able to evaluate the macroscopic characters of the pathologies, the main histological and immunohistochemical aspects, to apply the concepts of grading and staging mainly in oncological pathology.
3) Making judgements: the student must be able to use the knowledge acquired to develop his own autonomy of judgment on the main clinical-pathological aspects
4) Communicative skills: At the end of the course the student will have to know and use a correct and appropriate technical-professional terminology and be able to correctly communicate the main information relating to pathological anatomy problems
5) Learning skills: by the end of the course, students will prove to know the main themes of the course and to be able to prepare the Profit Exam by searching for availability, analyzing the contents and assessing the applicability of a guideline, based on the content of the lessons, and the sources suggested

Biology, anatomy and physiology notions. Students should demonstrate understanding of general basic medical terminology, applied to Pathlogical Anatomy i.e. the meaning of biopsy, surgical specimens, diagnostic cytology. They must also have an idea of the normal anatomy of the organs of which the main pathologies are described in lessons.

-Introduction to anatomical pathology and molecular pathology. Precision medicine. Introduction to clinical biomarkers.
-Introduction to diagnostic histopathology. types of biopsies
-Screening and diagnostic cytology
- Physical and chemical fixation of tissues. Fixation alterations.
-Paraffin inclusion. Deparaffinization. Cutting of histological sections.
-Frozen section diagnosis
-Immunohistochemistry: principles and techniques. Diagnostic immunoistochemistry.
Prognostic and predittive tissue biomarkers
- Breast Tumors
- Gastric Cancer
- Melanoma
- Endometrial cancer
-Cancerization in colorectal adenoma
- Sentinel node biopsy
- The pathological report
- Role of the biobank in diagnostic and biomedical research

1) Rubin l'essenziale. Anatomia Patologica. Piccin
2) Luigi Ruco, Aldo Scarpa. Anatomia Patologica le basi UTET.
3) Pranab Dey. Basic and advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology. Springer
4) Maria Rosaria Cardillo. Nozioni e Tecniche diagnostiche di Anatomia Patologica. Antonio Delfino Editore
5) Power point files of the lessons will be delivered to the students. They are available on platform Teams at the following link :
https://units.sharepoint.com/:f:/r/sites/PATC_CD2022_ME10_718ME_328141/Documenti%20condivisi/General/dia%20%20Anatomia?csf=1&web=1&e=YEyg8N

-Introduction to pathological anatomy and molecular pathology with hints of history of pathological anatomy. Precision medicine. Introduction to clinical biomarkers.
-Introduction to diagnostic histopathology. Tissue sampling, typology of biopsies, meaning of small biopsy by endoscopy and core needle or Tru-cut sampling. Needles used for these withdrawals. Procedure under CT or ultrasound guidance. Meaning of excisional biopsy and when it is applied. Meaning of incisional biopsy and when it is applied. Meaning of surgical specimens, sampling procedure and purposes (diagnostic confirmation and staging of tumor pathology). Purposes and procedures of frozen sections diagnosis or intraoperative examination. Purpose of the diagnostic autopsy.
-Diagnostic and screening cytology. Cytology by needle aspiration and cytopuncture, exfoliative cytology, washing, brushing and scraping cytology. The example of breast cytology and the PAP test. Meaning of screening cytology.
Internal activities of the pathological anatomy laboratory
-Physical and chemical fixation of tissues. Alterations related to fixation.
-Inclusion in paraffin. Deparaffinization. Cutting of histological sections.
- Outlines of immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology: principles and techniques. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
-Prognostic and predictive tissue biomarkers.
- Breast tumors (macroscopic, tumor histotypes, staging, outline of prognosis and therapy)
- Stomach tumours: (macroscopic, tumor histotypes, staging, outline of prognosis and therapy)
- Melanoma (macroscopic, tumor histotypes, staging, hints of prognosis and therapy)
- Ovarian Tumors (macroscopic, tumor histotypes, staging, hints of prognosis and therapy)
- Cancerization in colorectal adenoma (macroscopic, tumor histotypes, staging, hints of prognosis and therapy)
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma and breast cancer: indications and limitations, classic anatomopathological study method and biomolecular method (OSNA)
- The anatomopathological report: accuracy, timeliness, clinical relevance.
- Role of the biobank in biomedical diagnostics and research
Purposes of the Pathological Anatomy laboratory
-Immunohistochemical markers in oncological, inflammatory and degenerative pathologies

Lectures. Educational Videos.

The Videos of Medical Procedures. Please see.
https://units.sharepoint.com/:f:/r/sites/PATC_CD2021_ME10_110ME_285061/Documenti%20condivisi/CANZONIERI/Recordings/Solo%20visualizzazione?csf=1&web=1&e=wQLxqC

Written test in which 3 open questions are proposed.
The student must demonstrate to be able to describe the main topics of pathological anatomy covered during the lessons
The score of the exam is given by a mark expressed in thirtieths based on the arithmetic average of the scores obtained in the three questions. To obtain (18/30) in each question the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics. To achieve the maximum score (30/30 cum laude) in each question, the student must demonstrate to have acquired an excellent knowledge of all the pertinent topics.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) especially health and wellness.