Objectives .
D1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student must demonstrate knowledge of the fundamentals of the principles of home and professional oral hygiene with particular reference to methods of oral hygiene assessment and the main tools useful for achieving the relevant objectives in relation to EBM. They must demonstrate knowledge of the main ministerial guidelines. They must know and be able to recognise the qualitative and biometric aspects of home oral hygiene and the professional methods for determining its level. They must know the main motivational methods as well as the operating principles of the main professional tools useful for biofilm removal. They should know the main risk and protective factors related to caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease.
D2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student must be able to apply the knowledge acquired in D1 to be able to develop a home and, in part, professional oral hygiene plan specific to the personal characteristics of each patient.
D3. Autonomy of judgement
At the end of the course, the student will be able to judge the basic methods implemented by patients for home oral hygiene. He/she must be able to operate autonomously by choosing the best techniques for removing the aetiological factor and useful tools taking into account EBM. He/she must propose ideas and solutions to various clinical problems related to the prevention of major dental pathologies.
D4. Communication skills
At the end of the course, the student must be able to clearly explain the concepts acquired in D1, be able to document the epidemiological indices on medical records, comment on them and create an appropriate treatment plan. He/she must also be able to intervene in a critical discussion of course topics by making valid suggestions using scientific vocabulary consisting of specific dental terms.
D5. Learning ability
At the end of the course, the student must be able to independently investigate the topics covered, to transfer the notions learned in the subsequent lectures, to be able to plan and propose an analysis of home and professional oral hygiene that takes into account the specificity and needs of different patients .

No pre-requisites required

PRINCIPLES IN ORAL DISEASE PREVENTION

Evolution of the concept of health and the different types of prevention in the context of the main dental pathologies. The prevention of carious pathology and its elements, the prevention of periodontal disease and its elements, hints on the prevention of oral cancer in consideration with particular attention to the epidemiology of these pathologies.
Introduction to the formation, composition and structuring of biofilm as the main aetiological factor of oral pathologies.

ORAL CAVITY ECOLOGIES
Overview of the main bacterial clusters involved in the aetiology of different oral diseases. Introduction to the concept of microbiota and microbiome. Pathogenic mechanisms of development of major oral diseases related to biofilm accumulation.

RISK FACTORS IN ORAL DISEASES
Introduction to the different risk factors related to the person, lifestyles and specifically oral implicated in the development of oral diseases.

MINISTERIAL GUIDELINES
Overview of the main ministerial and international guidelines in the prevention of oral diseases in adulthood. Evolution of the main clinical indications and structuring of these.

MOTIVATION AND HOME ORAL HYGIENE TECHNIQUES
Overview of the different ways of motivating and managing chairside adherence according to different oral pathologies.
Overview of different home biofilm removal techniques: manual and mechanical instrumental aids and additional chemical therapies.

PROFESSIONAL ORAL HYGIENE APPOINTMENTS AND CHAIRSIDE ERGONOMICS
Overview of the different time points of a professional oral hygiene appointment specifically at the time of chairside motivation and instruction. Insight into clinical instrumentation and the main principles of dental chair ergonomics.

FLUOROPROPHYLAXIS
Overview of the use of fluoride in its various methods (home and professional) in the prevention of carious pathology.

https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/documentazione/p6_2_2.jsp? lingua=italiano&dataa=2017/12/31&datada=2015/01/01
Lindhe “Parodontologia clinica implantologia orale” ed. 6. Edizioni Edi-Ermes Parte: 1-2-3-11
Cortesi-Ardizzone, Abbinante “Igienista orale. Teoria e pratica professionale” Edizioni Era Limeback “Odontoiatria preventiva integrata” Edizioni Emsi

PRINCIPLES OF ORAL DISEASE PREVENTION
Evolution of the concept of health and the different types of prevention in the context of the main dental pathologies. The prevention of carious pathology and its elements, the prevention of periodontal disease and its elements, hints on the prevention of oral cancer in consideration with particular attention to the epidemiology of these pathologies.
Introduction to the formation, composition and structuring of biofilm as the main aetiological factor of oral pathologies.ECOLOGY OF THE ORAL CAVITY
Oral communities
Microbiota and microbiome
Physical and structural interactions of biofilms
Synergistic interactions
Antagonistic interactions
Ecological drivers of dysbiosis
RISK FACTORS FOR ORAL DISEASES
Risk factors for caries: biofilm, diet, time, susceptibility
Nutrition: cariogenic, cariostatic, cario-protective foods
Saliva, pH and salivary tests.
Technologies for calculating the caries risk of the individual at risk
Risk factors for periodontal disease: smoking, diabetes, genetics
General risk factors for oral cancer
MINISTERIAL GUIDELINES
How the guidelines are created
Ministerial guidelines for the prevention of hard tissue disease
Ministerial guidelines for the prevention of periodontal disease
Ministerial guidelines for the prevention of oral cancer
PROFESSIONAL ORAL HYGIENE APPOINTMENT AND CHAIRSIDE ERGONOMICS
Motivational interviewing
Motivational counselling
Dental health education
Chairside motivation tools
Plaque detectors
Biofilm removal tools: roto-oscillating electric toothbrush, sonic electric toothbrush, manual toothbrushes, interdental flosses and brushes
Biofilm removal techniques: Roller technique, modified Bass and Bass technique, Charter technique, Collins technique
Chemical biofilm removal: mouthwashes (chlorhexidine, cpt, essential oils, sanguine, fluoride), toothpaste composition and active ingredients
Additional means of biofilm removal: single-brush brushes, hydro-pulsators, tongs
Side effects of chlorhexidine.
Clinical instrumentation: probes, debridment instrumentation (air-polishing and polishin with pastes and powders) scalers (sonic and ultrasonic), and chairside screening tests
Professional ergonomics: pathologies resulting from incorrect posture, barriers and chairside positions.
FLUOROPROPHYLAXIS
Fluoride
Organic fluorides: amine fluoride
Inorganic fluorides: sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, other types of fluorides
Mechanism of action of fluorine
Home fluoroprophylaxis
Professional fluoroprophylaxis
Acute and chronic fluoride toxicity

Lectures supported by slide notes.
Practical tests on a dummy and attendance at the prevention outpatient clinic of the ASUGI Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology SC Clinic.

Any changes to the procedures described herein, which may be necessary to ensure the application of COVID19 emergency-related safety protocols, will be communicated on the Department, Course of Study and teaching website

The learning verification mode involves a 1-hour multiple-choice written test. The purpose of the test is to test the level of knowledge of the program topics.
There are 31 questions provided with 4 answers to choose from of which only one is the correct one.
The evaluation grid adopted is as follows:
Excellent (30-30 cum laude): 30 or 31 correct answers
Very good (27-29): 27 to 29 correct answers
Good (24-26): 24 to 26 correct answers
Satisfactory (21-23):21 to 23 correct answers
Sufficient (18-20): 18 to 20 correct answers
Insufficient: number of correct answers less than 18
There are no partial verification test.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)