Knowledge and understanding of: a) main microscopic components of the CNS; b) main macroscopic components of the Central Nervous System from the spinal cord to the multimodal association cortex, including the main nuclei and ascending and descending pathways); c) main components of the Autonomic Nervous System– - Applying knowledge and understanding the topographical orientation of the neuroanatomy and the function in relation to morphology; - Skill in the correct use of neuroanatomical terminology and description of neuroanatomical structures; Ability to autonomously understand the reading of scientific papers and websites relevant to the topics covered.

Knowledge of neuronal biology, histology of the nervous system and embryology with particular reference to the development of the nervous system.

Introduction to the Nervous System Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System Meninges; CSF spaces: Ventricles and extra-ventricular spaces. Internal structure of: - Spinal Cord - Brainstem (Cranial Nerves; long pathways Reticular formation) - Cerebellum - Diencephalon and Thalamus; - The Visual System - Basal Ganglia and Limbic System -Blood Supply of the CNS

- Fitzgerald's Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, 8th Edition; Estomih Mtui & Gregory Gruener & Peter Dockery (date of publication: 09/2020) - Reference chapters or papers will be provided or recommended during the course - Recording of the lessons - Notes from the lessons

Introduction to the Nervous System: central and peripheral parts; the principal cellular elements of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia. Overview on the development of the Nervous System in relation to adult human neuroanatomy Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System: axis, section planes of the human brain. Brain cutting in neuroanatomy- Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, corona radiata, lobes, sulci, gyri); Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus ); Brainstem (Mesencephalon, Pons and Medulla Oblongata); Cerebellum (Archi-Paleo-Neo cerebellum); Spinal Cord. Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord: Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater. Ventricles, extra-ventricles spaces and Cerebrospinal Fluid Internal structure of CNS: 1.Spinal Cord: white and gray matter, ascending and descending pathways; Autonomic Nervous System; 2.Brainstem: nuclei, ascending and descending pathways; 3.Cranial Nerves: nuclei, fibers, functions; 4.Reticular formation Introduction to the Nervous System: central and peripheral parts; the principal cellular elements of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia. Overview on the development of the Nervous System in relation to adult human neuroanatomy Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System: axis, section planes of the human brain. Brain cutting in neuroanatomy- Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, corona radiata, lobes, sulci, gyri); Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus ); Brainstem (Mesencephalon, Pons and Medulla Oblongata); Cerebellum (Archi-Paleo-Neo cerebellum); Spinal Cord. Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord: Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater. Ventricles, extra-ventricles spaces and Cerebrospinal Fluid Internal structure of CNS: 1.Spinal Cord: white and gray matter, ascending and descending pathways; Autonomic Nervous System; 2.Brainstem: nuclei, ascending and descending pathways; 3.Cranial Nerves: nuclei, fibers, functions; 4.Reticular formation 5.Cerebellum: lobes, peduncles, cortex, fibers, deep nuclei, inputs and outputs; 6.Thalamus: internal structure, nuclei, projections; 7.The Visual System 8.Basal Ganglia: Striatum, Pallidum and other structures involved in the Basal Ganglia circuitry The Connectome: Association, Commissural and Projection fibers Limbic System Blood Supply of the Brain: Circle of Willis; anterior and posterior circulation; Internal Carotid arteries (ICA) with anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA); Vertebral arteries (VA), Basilar artery and posterior cerebral arteries (PCA), as well as some collateral branches.

Frontal lessons (slides) Video 3D of neuroanatomy, techniques of brain cutting and clinical neuroanatomy examples. Flipped lessons are offered in the second part of the course-

In addition to the recommended textbooks, the student can use PDFs with diagrams and images of the lectures, 3D neuroanatomy videos and brain cutting videos. All the material is uploaded in specific folders on Teams.

Oral test Partial tests will be scheduled for each individual course. The dates of the partial tests will be published on the Esse3 platform and students must register to take the test. The grade must be published on the Esse3 platform. As regards the partial tests, the student, to pass the exam relating to the individual course, must obtain a rating of ≥ 18 in each of the partial tests and cannot refuse the grade of the partial test. Finally, there are six exam sessions per year with a single final test in which the examining board proceeds to verify the results obtained in the individual disciplines of the integrated course. The final grade will be recorded on Esse3. As for the final test, the student must obtain an overall rating of ≥ 18 to pass the final exam. In this case the student can refuse the grade and repeat all the partial tests in another session. Oral examination and the questions concern the program covered in the frontal lessons. The exam consists of at least three questions covering main topics of the program and the first question is chosen by the student. To obtain a sufficient grade (no less than 18/30), the student must know at least the site of the structure, the main afferent and efferent pathways and the course of the fibers in the case of the long sensory and motor pathways. Every further knowledge of the details improves the grade. To achieve the final grade of 30/30 cum laude, the student must use neuroanatomical terminology in an excellent way, have a perfect knowledge of the morphology and topography of neuroanatomical structures, correlate the structures with each other and have understood their morpho-functional relationship.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more objectives of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development-