D1 - Knowledge and understanding. The student, at the end of the course, will have to know the basic principle of the energy system and to understand its relationship with the anthropogenic climate change. To know the future scenarios of the energy system as a function of the environmental, social, energetic, and economic sustainability. Moreover, students will understand the basic principles of operation of systems for the exploitation of renewable energy. D2 - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. The acquired knowledge enhances the comprehension of the sustainability of the energy systems from the environmental, social energetic and economic points of view. Moreover, the student must be able to carry out a preliminary quantitative assessment of the application of different technologies for the exploitation of renewable energy, to evaluate the possible contribution of renewable energy to the demand of production and residential sites, to calculate the indices of investment in technologies renewable. D3 - Autonomy of judgment. The judgment autonomy is developed through the exam preparation including the individual elaboration and assimilation of the material presented in the course. D4 - Communication skills. The student must be able to properly describe the various phases of the assessment regarding the application of different technologies for the exploitation of renewable energy, highlighting the physical basis of the assessment and the economic and environmental benefits of the intervention. D5 - The learning skills are developed through the in-depth analysis of the knowledge acquired during the seminars, frontal lectures, and the case studies presented in the course. These skills are verified in the final exam.

Basic notions of mechanics, thermodynamics and fluid dynamics

1. Description of the global energy system, its relationship with other global challenges, the future trends, and the key indicators. The module also focuses on the bottlenecks of the energy system from the technical, economic, and social points of view. Moreover, possible solutions are described together with a number of future scenarios. The module includes the role of electrification, of energy efficiency and of energy saving which are described through practical case studies on different levels of the energy supply chain. 2. SOLAR ENERGY Solar thermal energy: Geometrical magnitudes of the Earth-Sun system; evaluation of potential solar energy; Solar thermal energy technologies; Flat plate collectors: losses, efficiency and performance; different kind of solar thermal plants; F-Chart method. Solar thermodynamic: Parabolic trough and dish collectors; Fresnel collectors; Solar Rankine cycles; thermal oil and molten salt; the Archimede project. Solar Photovoltaic energy: physical principles; the photovoltaic cell; the photovoltaic systems. 3. WIND ENERGY Characteristics of wind energy and available energy potential; wind energy systems; the Betz's theory; The wind turbine with horizontal axis; components, construction and characteristic curves of a wind turbines; Vertical axis wind turbines, examples of building integration, wind farms. 4. BIOMASS TO ENERGY CONVERSION Biomass definition and classification; different supply chains for the energy conversion of biomass; Combustion, gasification and pyrolysis; ORC; Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of organic residues and municipal solid waste; Production of biofuels from energy crops; production of biodiesel, bio-ethanol and bio-natural-gas. 5. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Exploitation of a hydraulic head; components of a hydroelectric energy plant; kind of hydroelectric energy plants; Storage hydraulic systems – Groups with 3 or 2 machines; Mini- hydraulic systems; Exploitation of hydroelectric energy in FVG. 6. COMPLEMENTS Cogeneration and tri-generation using renewable energy sources (absorption chiller); Tidal and wave energy converter; Energy costs evaluation using renewable energy sources. TECHNICAL VISITS Some technical visits will form an integral part of the course.

D. Cocco, C. Palomba e P. Puddu SGEditoriali Padova Sistemi eolici R. Pallabazzer Rubattino Editore EES (Engineering Equation Solver) Manual S.A. Klein F-Chart Software, 2009 Transition to Sustainable Energy Technologies, Carlo Villante, Sonia Dell’Aversano, and Stefano Ranieri, CRC Press

1. Description of the global energy system, its relationship with other global challenges, the future trends, and the key indicators. The module also focuses on the bottlenecks of the energy system from the technical, economic, and social points of view. Moreover, possible solutions are described together with a number of future scenarios. The module includes the role of electrification, of energy efficiency and of energy saving which are described through practical case studies on different levels of the energy supply chain. 2. SOLAR ENERGY Solar thermal energy: Geometrical magnitudes of the Earth-Sun system; evaluation of potential solar energy; Solar thermal energy technologies; Flat plate collectors: losses, efficiency and performance; different kind of solar thermal plants; F-Chart method. Solar thermodynamic: Parabolic trough and dish collectors; Fresnel collectors; Solar Rankine cycles; thermal oil and molten salt; the Archimede project. Solar Photovoltaic energy: physical principles; the photovoltaic cell; the photovoltaic systems. 3. WIND ENERGY Characteristics of wind energy and available energy potential; wind energy systems; the Betz's theory; The wind turbine with horizontal axis; components, construction and characteristic curves of a wind turbines; Vertical axis wind turbines, examples of building integration, wind farms. 4. BIOMASS TO ENERGY CONVERSION Biomass definition and classification; different supply chains for the energy conversion of biomass; Combustion, gasification and pyrolysis; ORC; Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of organic residues and municipal solid waste; Production of biofuels from energy crops; production of biodiesel, bio-ethanol and bio-natural-gas. 5. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Exploitation of a hydraulic head; components of a hydroelectric energy plant; kind of hydroelectric energy plants; Storage hydraulic systems – Groups with 3 or 2 machines; Mini- hydraulic systems; Exploitation of hydroelectric energy in FVG. 6. COMPLEMENTS Cogeneration and tri-generation using renewable energy sources (absorption chiller); Tidal and wave energy converter; Energy costs evaluation using renewable energy sources. TECHNICAL VISITS Some technical visits will form an integral part of the course.

Lessons and seminars, numerical exercises, technical visits. Part of the materials is provided using the Moodle platform.

Part of the examination consists of a multiple-choice questionnaire (using the Moodle platform). An oral exam follows, which includes theoretical questions and the discussion of the numerical exercises carried out during the course.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)