The course aims to provide the basis of applied thermodynamics and heat transfer for students of industrial engineering, in order to enable them to solve simple problems of energy conversion. D1 - Knowledge and Understanding. The student must know the base theory of thermodynamics and heat transfer. D2 - Applying Knowledge and Understanding. The student must solve simple analytic problems of thermodynamics and heat transfer. D3 - making judgements. The student must apply the correct model of the actual problem. D4 - communication skills. The student must describe the study case with correct use of language. D5 - learning skills. The student will must have the knowledge to face the more complex problems of the forthcoming teachings.

Basic mathematics: differential calculus and integrals. Physics: energy and work. Prerequisite courses: Analisi I, Fisica I.

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic system, first law of thermodynamics for closed systems and specific heat. p-v-T relationships, phase changes. Ideal gas: thermodynamic properties, transformations. Hints of Fluid Dynamics. First principle of thermodynamics for open systems. Second law of thermodynamics: statements, entropy, entropy balances. Thermodynamic diagrams and cycles, efficiency. Power and reversed (heat pump and refrigeration) cycles, coefficient of performance. Psycrometry: thermodynamic properties, psychrometric diagrams, dew point and wet bulb temperature, transformations. HEAT TRANSFER. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation, energy balances. Conduction: Fourier postulate, steady and unsteady regime equations, initial and boundary conditions. Steady-state conduction with and without internal heat generation: plane, cylindrical and spherical walls, electric analogy. Unsteady conduction: lumped capacitance method. Convection: boundary layer, flow regimes and dimensional analysis, characteristic numbers. Forced convection for external flows: flat plate, cylinder, correlations. Forced convection for internal flows: reference temperature, temperature distributions, correlations. Natural convection: flow regimes and dimensional analysis, characteristic numbers, correlations. Radiation: fundamental quantities, black body, emissivity, view factors, equivalent electrical networks, radiation between gray and diffuse surfaces, radiation shields. Heat exchangers: types, logarithmic mean temperature difference and efficiency methods.

Elementi di fisica tecnica per l'ingegneria, Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, Daisie D. Boettner, Margaret B. Bailey, Bruce R. Munson, David P. DeWitt (Edizione Italiana a cura di Mauro A. Corticelli), McGraw-Hill Education, 2022. Other books: Termodinamica applicata, E. Zandegiacomo, Ed. Goliardiche, Trieste. Appunti di trasmissione del calore, E. Zandegiacomo (moodle). Termodinamica applicata, A. Cavallini, l. Mattarolo, CLEUP. Lezioni di Termodinamica Applicata, G. Comini, SGE, Padova. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine, 6th Ed., Wiley, (2007).

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic system: thermodynamic properties, temperature, measurements, temperatures scales. The first law of thermodynamics, reversibility and irreversibility, volume work, first law for closed systems, specific heat. Properties evaluation, p-v-T relations, phase change. Ideal gas: equation of state, specific heat, thermodynamic properties, transformations. Fluid dynamics: viscosity, boundary layer, mass and volumetric mass flow rate, mass conservation, mechanical energy equation, application examples, pressure losses. The first law of thermodynamics for open systems, technical work, examples: heat exchangers, turbines and compressors, lamination valve. Second law of thermodynamics: Carnot theorem, thermodynamic temperature, Clausius and Kelvin-Plank statements, entropy, entropy balance for open and closed systems. Thermodynamic diagrams: T-s, h-s, p-h. Vapour power cycles: Rankine cycle, reheat cycle, efficiency. Gas cycles: Otto, Diesel, Brayton-joule. Reversed cycles: heat pump and refrigeration cycles, coefficient of performance, practical refrigeration cycles, refrigerants. Property of gas mixtures: mass and molar fraction, mixtures of perfect gases, Dalton law. Psycrometry: specific humidity, relative humidity, enthalpy, hygrometric charts, dew point, wet-bulb temperature. Transformations: heating and cooling, humidification, cooling and dehumidification, HVAC systems. HEAT TRANSFER. Physical origins and rate equations: conduction, convection and radiation and energy balances. Conduction: Fourier's law, thermal conductivity, differential equation of conduction, initial and boundary conditions. Steady-state conduction: plane, cylindrical and spherical walls, composite one-dimensional walls, overall heat transfer coefficient. Thermal resistance and the electrical analogy. Conduction with internal heat generation: plane walls and cylinders. Unsteady conduction: Biot number, uniform temperature systems through the lumped capacitance method. Convection equations: boundary layer, Nusselt number, dimensional analysis, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, laminar and turbulent flows. Forced convection for external flows: flow over a flat plate, cylinder in cross-flow. Forced convection for internal flow in tubes and pipes: reference bulk temperature, entrance length, temperature distribution, practical correlations for heat transfer coefficient, effective diameter for non-circular pipes, log mean temperature difference. Natural convection: buoyancy forces, coefficient of cubical expansion, Grashof and Rayleigh numbers, correlations for heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Radiation: spatial distribution of energy emission, black body laws, real surfaces, emissivity, Kirchhoff law, absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity. Radiation exchange between black and grey surfaces, view factors, equivalent electrical networks, radiation exchange between diffuse, gray surfaces in an enclosure, radiation shields. Heat exchangers: types, design using logarithmic mean temperature difference and efficiency methods.

Lectures with exercises. Experimental measure of air humidity.

Other lecture notes and exercises are available on the UNITS moodle platform (https://moodle2.units.it/)

Final written exam with solution of exercises and theory questions. For each of the two main subjects, i.e., thermodynamics and heat transfer, the student will have to complete one exercise, intended to assess the ability to apply knowledge and understanding, and answer the relevant theory questions by means of formulas, demonstrations and diagrams properly commented and interpreted, intended to assess knowledge and communication skills.

7. Affordable and Clean Energy
9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsable Consumption and production
13. Climate Action